Design freeze · Revision C.1 · Confidential

Tag engineering brief

Everything mechanical, electrical, software and test teams need to start in parallel: architecture, envelope, ratings, perception, behaviour, the experience every subsystem must deliver, and how each is verified.

Tag revision C: titanium lower chassis, chalk-white upper shell with lid, flush smoked glass front, aluminium push handle, black CNC legs with coil-over shocks, bone polyurethane wheels on machined hubs.
StatusDesign freeze, rev C.1
Date4 October 2026
ScopePrototype 1 to beta
SupersedesRev C, 4 Oct 2026
calculated derived from figures in this briefestimate engineering judgement, confirm on prototyperisk must be proven before beta

1. Product

A personal and building carrying robot. It walks beside one person or runs a delivery alone, carries a full grocery order in a locked, covered bay, climbs stairs and kerbs, crosses trails, steps into a car boot and folds to a bench at the door. It rises to the working height of whoever is using it, rests on its own charging dock between jobs, and is set up and run from a phone app, with every daily task also possible without one. Sold to households and leased to buildings as fleets.

  1. Never ask a person to lift it, bend to it, or chase it. A breach is a defect.
  2. Predictable before clever. Anyone nearby can tell what it will do next.
  3. One platform. Use cases are modules and software, never hardware variants.
  4. Looks and behaves like a well-made object, not a lab robot or a medical aid.

2. Revision C changes

AreaRev BRev CReason
WheelsBlack airlessCast polyurethane, bone colour, machined hubsQuieter indoors, wet grip, wear life, no punctures; reads as real industrial hardware
Front sensingExposed domeOne flush smoked-glass pane, lidar and stereo behindNothing to snag or break; cleanable; calmer face
Bay62 L tote module75 L integral covered bay, felt-lined, lit, lockableFits a $200+ order including a 24-bottle water case
LegsPlain linksCNC aluminium plates, coil-over shock per thigh, hex fastenersVisible strength; tunable compliance
Child seatTwo-seat benchNest: one deep seat set into the bodySafe ingress at waist height; harness interlock
Car entryUnprotectedBoot mapping, 5 cm clearance rule, protective mat, 15 N stopNo paint contact, ever
BuildingsConceptLobby dock, lift API, access control, proof of deliverySecond business line
Rise C.1NoneLid height 61 to 110 cm, set per person; hand-guided by the lid gripR1: nobody bends to it
Rest and dock C.1Pads under chassisDrive-on plate, kneel-to-contact, sensors off at restCharges itself; private and safe when idle
Mobile app C.1Settings onlySetup, call, rise, deliveries, live view, household rolesOne place to run it; never required for safety

3. Architecture

Body. Lower chassis: 76 × 38 × 14 cm anodised aluminium unibody (bead-blasted warm titanium), carrying two battery packs, compute, safety controller and the module deck. Machined cooling ribs on both sides over the battery bay. Upper shell: chalk-white PC-ABS over a glass-fibre frame, forming the cargo bay with a hinged, gas-damped lid. A warm-white light line marks the seam.

Legs. Four legs, hip and knee, 28 + 28 cm, hips at the chassis corners (x = ±30 cm), knees bending outward. Both motors sit coaxially in the hip housing; a toothed belt in the thigh drives the knee. A coil-over air shock runs along each thigh. Every joint has a spring-applied brake.

Wheels. 305 mm cast polyurethane tyres on machined hubs with in-hub motors. Skid steering through four hubs; no steering actuators.

Handle. Fold-up brushed-aluminium push handle at the rear with a capacitive grip. Push assist when held.

4. Envelope

Walk stance: normal ride height, all four wheels on the floor, body level.
WalkLid at 87 cm, hand height
Run stance in side profile: body lowered, legs reaching forward and back for a longer wheelbase.
RunLower, longer wheelbase
Stairs stance in side profile: front wheels on the step, rear wheels on the landing below, body level.
Stairs18 / 28 cm flight, body level
Kneel stance: legs folded so the chassis sits low, lid open over the empty felt-lined bay.
KneelLid at 61 cm, loading height
Bench stance: legs tucked against the chassis, body resting on rubber skids, wheels off the floor.
BenchOn skids, seat 45 cm
Rise stance in side profile: legs extended under the body, knees slightly bent, wheels below the hips, body level and high.
RiseLid 61 to 110 cm, per person
Rest: Tag kneeling on its charcoal charging plate, wheels on the plate, light line nearly off.
RestKneeling on the dock
Top-down layout to scale: two 450 Wh battery packs along the sides, compute and the separate safety controller between them, lidar and stereo cameras behind the front glass, four hip housings at the corners, handle at the rear.
LayoutTop view, to scale
ItemValueBasis
Overall width63 cmNarrower than a manual wheelchair calculated
Overall length, walking126 cmIncluding handle calculated
Lid height, kneel / walk / rise61 / 87 / up to 110 cmLoading / hand height / set per person, section 8
Bench (folded)116 × 63 × 45 cmOn skids, wheels tucked
Mass, no module39 kg ±2estimate
Pitch / roll levelling±38° / ±18°Each leg independent
Stairsrise ≤ 20 cm, going ≥ 24 cm, ≤ 38°Straight flights only in v1
Kerb, single step25 cmestimate
Ground clearance, walking31 cmcalculated

5. Cargo bay

The bay packed with a 24-bottle water case, milk, rice, cans, detergent, oranges, eggs and bread.
Reference load$214 order, 38.6 kg
ItemValue
Internal size71 × 35 × 30 cm
Volume75 L calculated
Rated load60 kg flat, 40 kg stairs
LiningRemovable washable felt, wipe-clean base tray
LightWarm LED strip under the lid lip, on when open
LidGas-damped, soft-close actuator, latch with lock
AccessHousehold UWB key, phone, or one-time courier code
WeighingFour hip load cells, ±0.2 kg
WeatherGasketed lid, IP65 closed

Reference order used for packaging studies: water 24 × 500 ml (12.4 kg), rice 5 kg, milk 4 L (4.1 kg), two pantry bags (4.3 kg), eight cans (3.4 kg), detergent 3 L (3.3 kg), produce, bread and eggs (6.1 kg). Total 38.6 kg; the lid must close over it without force.

Load placement. The robot reads centre of mass from the load cells after loading. If the load is off-centre by more than 8 cm it says so and asks for a shuffle; it never refuses silently.

6. Wheels

ItemSpecification
TyreCast polyurethane, Shore 85A, 305 × 70 mm, fine siping for wet grip; bone colour
HubMachined 6061-T6, bead-blasted, 10 × M5 hex bolts, sealed bearing cap
Motor48 V in-hub BLDC, 35 N·m peak, 14 N·m continuous, regenerative
Wear life≥ 3,000 km to 3 mm tread loss estimate
FloorsNon-marking on wood, vinyl, tile and carpet
ReplacementTyre and hub swap with one tool in under 10 minutes

7. Legs and actuation

CaseTorqueWorking
Stairs, three-wheel support, one leg at half the weight, 25 cm arm97 N·m0.5 × (39 + 40) × 9.81 × 0.25 calculated
With 2× dynamic factor194 N·mPeak requirement calculated
Walking at 60 kg, knee offset 25.6 cm, before spring assist62 N·m(39 + 60) / 4 × 9.81 × 0.256 calculated (corrected in C.1 from 21.9 cm)
Rise at 110 cm with 60 kg, knee offset 16.2 cm38 N·m(39 + 60) / 4 × 9.81 × 0.162: rising lowers knee torque calculated
Specified hip and knee drives (× 8)200 / 70 N·mPeak / continuous. Brake holds 220 N·m unpowered

Coil-over air shocks give 80 mm travel at the wheel; preload is set automatically from measured load. Knee gas springs carry about 60 % of nominal static load so the legs never sag on power loss.

8. Rise

R1 says nobody bends to it. Rise lifts the lid from walking height to a height set for each person, anywhere from 61 cm (kneel) to 110 cm, so the bay comes up to the hands instead of the back going down to the bay.

Side view: Tag risen so its open bay is level with the kitchen counter; a woman in her seventies lifts out a bag of oranges with a straight back.
Reference useUnloading at counter height, back straight
Rise stance in side profile.
Rise stanceWheels stay under the hips; wheelbase and track never change

Geometry

The lid sits 56 cm above the chassis bottom, the hips 7 cm above it. Legs are 28 + 28 cm; wheel radius 15.25 cm. For lid height h: hip height H = h − 49, hip-to-axle d = H − 15.25, knee offset x = √(28² − (d/2)²). Centre of mass with a 60 kg load uses the robot (39 kg) at H + 4 and the load at h − 18; half-track 28 cm, half-wheelbase 30 cm.

Lid heightHipKnee offsetKnee angleKnee torque, 99 kgCoM, 60 kg loadStatic tip, side / end
61 cm, kneel12 cm27.9 cm7°67 N·m32 cm41° / 43°
87 cm, walk38 cm25.6 cm48°61 N·m58 cm26° / 27°
99 cm, a 162 cm adult50 cm22.0 cm77°52 N·m70 cm22° / 23°
110 cm, maximum61 cm16.2 cm110°38 N·m81 cm19° / 20°

calculated Knee torque is before the gas springs, which carry about 60 % of it. The knee is still bent 110° at full rise, so the shocks keep working. Lifting 99 kg at 4 cm/s needs about 39 W.

Suggested height

The app proposes h = 0.58 × stature + 5 cm, clamped to 61 to 110: 99 cm for a 162 cm adult, 106 cm for 175 cm. The rim lands near hip height and the bay floor, 30 cm lower, near knuckle height, so a full load comes out with a straight back. Each person can adjust it; the height follows their key or phone. estimate Confirmed by the trunk-flexion test in section 25.

Rules P1

  1. Only when stopped, on floor sloped no more than 5° (IMU). It lowers to walking height before any motion and never drives with the lid above 92 cm.
  2. It looks up first. Time-of-flight sensors on the lid edges need 10 cm clear above the lid and its opening arc. Under a shelf or counter lip it rises only as far as is clear, and says so.
  3. Slow and soft. 4 cm/s; any unexpected contact (joint current, lid load cells) stops it within 5 mm and lowers 1 cm.
  4. By hand. P2 Hold the lid grip and lift or press: admittance control follows the hand at up to 6 cm/s and holds where it is let go.
  5. Leaning. If someone leans on the lid, brakes hold and it will not move until the extra load is gone. It is not sold as a mobility aid.
  6. Locked out with the Nest fitted, on stairs, and in car entry.

9. Perception

A view from Tag's camera on a busy pavement used as the perception reference scene.
Reference scenePavement with a person to follow, pram, dog, cyclist, kerb, steps and a fallen e-scooter
SensorPlacementSpecification
Solid-state 3D lidarBehind front and rear glass120° × 25° FoV, 30 m range, 20 Hz
Stereo depth cameraBehind front and rear glass90° FoV, 0.3 to 10 m, 30 fps
Wide camerasFour chassis corners190°, 30 fps, HDR, night sensitive
UWBThree antennas in the deckAngle of arrival to the household key, phone or watch
UltrasonicUnder the chassisLow obstacles and drop-offs below the glass line
IMU and encodersChassis, all jointsBody attitude, leg state
Lid time-of-flight C.1Front and rear lid edges, facing upClearance above the lid before Rise, 2 m range

What it recognises

ClassBehaviourClearance
Its personFollow, keep in sight, re-identify after occlusion1.2 m walk, 2 to 3 m run
Pedestrians, prams, wheelchairs, canesYield, keep right, slow≥ 0.8 m
Children, petsSlow to 3 km/h, widen clearance≥ 1.2 m
Bikes, scooters (moving)Predict path, hold≥ 1.0 m
Static obstructionsReroute; if blocked, stop and tell its person≥ 0.3 m
Kerbs, steps, stairsMeasure rise and going; climb if within envelopen/a
Drop-offs, water, glassStop≥ 0.5 m

Perception to motion latency ≤ 120 ms. All video is processed on the robot. A visible indicator shows whenever any camera feed leaves the robot (only when the owner shares it).

The owner can see what it sees. The phone app shows the live detection view (boxes, distances, planned path) on request, the same view shown on the product page. It builds trust, and it is the first thing support asks for.

10. Behaviour

Following

Path replay: Tag retraces the line its person took, or walks alongside on wide ground. Losing the person for 3 s means stop, hold, amber state, buzz the key. It never drives off to search.

Stairs P6

Statically stable crawl. Before each wheel lifts, the load cells locate the centre of mass and the body shifts inside the triangle of the other three wheels. About 2.5 s per step at 40 kg. Square-on approach only.

Speeds

ContextLimit
Indoors, corridors3 km/h
Lifts1 km/h
Pavements6 km/h
Trails, following a runner16 km/h
Child on board4 km/h

11. Buildings

Courier loading Tag at the lobby dock.
Lobby dockCourier drop
Resident unloading Tag at her door.
DoorstepResident handover

A fleet of two to six Tags charges at a lobby dock. A courier scans the dock code; the nearest Tag rolls out, opens, and locks once loaded. It calls the lift through the lift maker's robot interface (fallback: stick-on button actuator), rides parked against the back wall, travels corridors at 3 km/h keeping to one side, and stops at the door. The resident gets one notification; the lid opens only for their household. If nobody answers within ten minutes it returns to the dock.

ItemTarget
Dock2 to 6 bays, 300 W each, fits a 1.2 × 2.4 m alcove
Lift integrationLift-maker robot APIs; button actuator fallback
DoorsAccess-control API for lobby and corridor doors
Proof of deliveryLid sensor and weight change logged; no photos of residents
Throughput≥ 6 deliveries per robot per hour in a 10-floor building estimate

12. Car entry

Tag stepping into an SUV boot onto a protective mat.
Self-loadingWheels on the mat only

Depth cameras map the opening, lip and floor first; the robot refuses if any clearance is under 5 cm. Front legs place both front wheels on the protective mat; the chassis pitches nose-up to clear the lip; rear legs push, then each rear wheel steps in. Inside, it folds to bench height. Boot floors up to 75 cm. Robot only, payload ≤ 10 kg. P3

  1. No paint contact. Wheels lifted 5 cm clear of the bumper before moving forward.
  2. Force-limited. Every joint halts at 15 N of unexpected contact.
  3. Soft edges. Chassis nose, glass edges and leg plates covered in non-marking polymer.
  4. Mat in the box. Thin magnetic boot-lip guard and mat included.

risk Tailgate clearance and boot-floor grip vary by model; test on the top 30 selling SUVs and hatchbacks.

13. Modules

Each module tells the safety controller what is fitted, and the controller enforces that module's limits. P5

A toddler harnessed into the Nest seat set into the body, his father walking behind holding the handle.
NestChild seat set into the body
ModuleSpecificationBehaviour profile
Bay (standard)75 L covered, locked, litCourier mode, proof of delivery
Flatbed80 × 42 cm deck, 4 cleats, 60 kgLow stance, gentle acceleration, convoy up to 4
NestOne child, 9 months to 4 years, ≤ 22 kg; deep shell set into the body, 5-point harness, canopy4 km/h, no stairs, slopes ≤ 8°; kneels to put the seat at waist height; harness sensors must read closed to move
Cooler40 L, 5-day iceTrail profile, run stance allowed

14. Interaction

You doTag doesSensed by
Tap the rim twicePairs and followsCapacitive rim, UWB, cameras
Press the lidStops and kneelsHip load cells
Lift the lid gripUnlocks for the household, opens softlyUWB key, lid actuator
Hold the handlePush assist, like a weightless cartCapacitive grip, hub current
Lift the lid grip and keep liftingRises with your hand, stops when you let goGrip force, hip load cells
"Tag, come here" / "Tag, rest"Comes to you / returns to its dock and sleepsMicrophones, UWB
Open the appCome to me, rise, send home, deliveries, live viewPhone, section 15

Light line states (four, no more): white following; slow amber waiting; green locked with a delivery; red needs help. At rest the line is off; a dot on the dock breathes while charging and holds steady when full. A soft tone and light precede every start or turn within 2 m of a person.

15. Mobile app

iOS 17 and Android 12 onward, one app for households; building managers use a web console. The app is a requester: every command goes to the safety controller, which owns all limits and can refuse. Nothing safety-critical needs the app, and nothing in the app can exceed a limit.

App home screen: Tag resting on its dock at 86 %, Come to me, Follow me, Rise, Open lid, Send home.
HomeStatus, charge, the five actions
App rise screen: lid height slider at 99 cm with presets for each person.
RiseLid height per person
App deliveries screen: an order moving from the lobby dock to the door.
DeliveriesLobby to door, live
App live view: Tag's camera with detections and a Stop button.
LiveOnly while open; Stop

Setup, about ten minutes

  1. Scan the code under the lid. Proves physical access; pairs over Bluetooth LE and joins Tag to the home Wi-Fi.
  2. Height. Stature in, suggested lid height out (section 8). Repeated for each person added.
  3. One lap of the home. Builds the map: rooms, doors, thresholds, stairs flagged, dock position chosen.
  4. Household. Invite people; each gets a role, a key or phone, and a lid height.
AreaSpecification
ScreensHome, Rise, Deliveries, Live, Household, Settings (dock, map, privacy, updates)
CommandsCome to me, Follow me, Rise, Open lid, Send home, Stop
LinksBluetooth LE nearby; home Wi-Fi; away through an end-to-end encrypted relay, keys held on the robot
Come to mePhone UWB for position; fallback Wi-Fi position on the home map, then a spoken "where are you?"
LatencyCommand to motion ≤ 1 s on Wi-Fi, ≤ 2 s through the relay; Stop ≤ 150 ms
Lost linkContinuous commands carry a 500 ms heartbeat. On loss it finishes the safe part of the action, stops and holds; it never drives on a stale command
RolesOwner; household; guest (time-limited, follow and open only); courier (one-time code from the building or shop, load only); building manager (web, fleet, no cameras)
PrivacyVideo leaves the robot only while Live is open, with a blue dot on the glass. Nothing stored by default; clips only on request, kept 30 days
AccessibilityWCAG 2.2 AA; Dynamic Type to 200 %; VoiceOver and TalkBack labels; 48 pt targets; primary actions in the bottom third; no time limits; haptic confirmation
NotificationsAt your door; waiting in the lobby; charged or low; needs help; update installed. Quiet hours
UpdatesSigned, installed only at rest on the dock, with automatic rollback
Without the app.The app is needed once, for setup, and can be run from a family member's phone. After that the handle, rim, lid grip, key and voice cover every daily task. Per-person heights stay on the robot and follow each person's key.

16. Empathy requirements

Each is a release test.

  1. It comes to you. No interaction needs a hand below 45 cm or above 90 cm.
  2. It warns before it moves. Light and tone at least 0.5 s ahead within 2 m.
  3. It never strands you. Stops safely and says so; reports "enough to get home" while true.
  4. It gives way. Half the pavement at most; back of the lift; yields to wheelchairs, prams and canes.
  5. It knows who is on board. Child profile within 1 s, not overridable.
  6. It keeps your dignity. A well-made object, never a medical aid.
  7. It respects privacy. On-device video; visible indicator when shared.
  8. It fails gently. Brakes hold, springs carry, slow kneel; wheels freewheel for pushing.
  9. It is kind to strangers. One sentence and a green line for couriers; no one else can call it.
  10. It is calm. ≤ 45 dB(A) at 1 m walking, ≤ 55 running. No fake emotions.

17. Twenty laws as product requirements

LawRequirement on the robot
HickNo more than four modules and five stances a person chooses (walk, kneel, rise, rest, bench); run and stairs switch on their own
FittsLid grip at resting-hand height; whole rim touch-sensitive
JakobBehaves like a cart, a pram and a dog that follows; pushing always works
MillerFour light states maximum
DohertyLight response to any touch within 100 ms
TeslerLevelling, routing and mode selection automatic
PostelAccepts voice, touch, push, phone and watch
OccamNo screen, no buttons, no face
ParetoShopping and building delivery tuned first
Peak-endArrival choreography: stop, settle, lid lifts, light warms
Von RestorffOne distinct state per moment on the light line
Serial positionEvery manoeuvre starts with a warning and ends with a settle
ZeigarnikAnnounces what remains: trips, minutes, distance home
Goal gradientCounts down multi-trip jobs
ProximityAll touch controls on the rim and handle
SimilaritySame latch on every module
Common regionLight line encloses the robot
Uniform connectednessBoth leg drives in one hip housing
PrägnanzSilhouette reads as a box on four legs
Aesthetic-usabilityMachined metal, real polyurethane, flush glass throughout

18. Power

ItemValueNotes
Battery2 × 450 Wh, 48 VHot-swappable one at a time, 2.4 kg each
Walking draw, 30 kg≈ 110 Westimate
Trail draw≈ 350 Westimate
Range30 km walking, 25 km trailWith 10 % reserve calculated
Charging300 W dock, 0 to 80 % in 1.9 h, full in 2.8 hKneels onto the dock pads; section 19
Asleep≈ 4 WSensors and drives off; about 9 days from full off the dock calculated

19. Rest and dock

Tag at rest on its charging plate in a hallway at night, light nearly off, a small dot glowing on the dock.
At restBy the door, sensors off
The charging plate on its own: charcoal, two flush contact pads, a status light, a fabric cable.
DockDrive-on plate, 15 mm
ItemSpecification
Plate100 × 64 × 1.5 cm powder-coated aluminium, 8° chamfered edges, rubber feet; works on carpet up to 15 mm pile
Contacts P4Two flush spring pads meeting plates under the chassis centre line; 48 V, 300 W. Dead until Tag is on them (contact sense plus a Bluetooth handshake), so 0 V to fingers, paws and spills
Supply300 W external supply, 2 m fabric cable from the back edge
AlignmentFiducial on the plate and a UWB anchor in the dock; ±2 cm and ±3° before kneeling. Contact is made by kneeling, never by driving into it
Space1.6 × 1.0 m of clear floor with Wi-Fi; never on a stair landing
Cost$45 bill of materials, in the box; an extra dock is $149 estimate

At rest

  1. Still. Kneeling (centre of mass 32 cm, tip angle above 40°), brakes on, leg drives off. A child pulling the handle cannot tip or move it.
  2. Private. Cameras, lidar and microphones are powered off, not just muted. A wake word is opt-in per household.
  3. Dark. The light line is off; only the dock dot shows charge.
  4. Wakes on an app call, the household key within 2 m plus a touch, a lid touch, a schedule or a building job.
  5. Returns after every job, after 10 minutes idle at home, and at 15 % from anywhere, keeping enough range to get back. If the dock is blocked it waits beside it and says why.

20. Electronics

FunctionHardware
Main computeEdge AI module, ≈ 100 TOPS, 25 W class
Safety controllerSeparate dual-channel MCU; owns brakes, speed limits, module profiles and stop. Only it can grant motion
ConnectivityWi-Fi 6, Bluetooth LE, UWB, LTE-M
AudioFour-microphone array, one speaker
LightingSeam light line (addressable), bay strip, indicator, blue live-view dot
DockContact-sense and handshake controller, UWB anchor, status light

21. Safety and certification

TopicTarget
RobotISO 13482; safety controller to IEC 61508 principles
BatteryIEC 62133-2 cells, UL 2271 pack
IngressIP65; −10 °C to +45 °C
Pinch pointsAll gaps through full motion < 8 mm or > 25 mm
NestChild-restraint design to pushchair standards; certified before sale
RadioFCC, CE, regional UWB
PavementsConfigurable to local personal-delivery-device rules

22. Mass and cost

GroupMassFirst run, 10,000 a yearVolume, 100,000 a year
Leg drives with brakes, × 8 (one actuator design for every joint)12.8 kg$640$440
Wheel modules (PU tyre, hub, motor), × 49.2 kg$240$160
Leg plates, belts, shocks, gas springs, × 44.2 kg$200$130
Chassis and upper shell with lid (cast and stamped at volume)6.2 kg$190$120
Battery packs, × 24.8 kg$190$140
Compute, safety controller, sensors, glass (one lidar, cameras at the rear)2.2 kg$420$300
Harness, lights, audio, boards1.6 kg$110$70
Total41.0 kg$1,990$1,360

estimate Budgets to design to; the volume column is the cost ceiling of $1,500 that every group is held under. Target retail $4,900, or $129 a month; building fleets leased per unit. Hardware gross margin at target price: 59 % on the first run, 72 % at volume. Mass target remains 39 kg; current budget is 2 kg over. The dock ($45) and lid time-of-flight sensors ($6, inside the sensors line) are new in C.1.

23. Benchmarks

RobotPayloadTop speedStairsOwnedCovered bayCar entry
Rivr TWO (Amazon)27 kg14 km/hYesNo55 LNo
Piaggio gita plus18 kg10 km/hNoYesSmallNo
Unitree B2-W40 kg15 km/hYesNoNoNo
Tag rev C60 kg16 km/hYesYes75 L, lockedYes

24. Intellectual property

Working assessment from a desk search on 4 October 2026. It is not legal advice: every item needs a professional search and a patent attorney before anything is filed.

Position

The concept as a whole is prior art and cannot be claimed: a wheel-legged stair-climbing carrier, a level cargo bay, person following, lobby-to-door delivery with lifts, self-docking, and raising a container toward the user all exist in patents or products. The protectable value is in the specific mechanisms and control methods below, in the industrial design, and in know-how kept secret.

Patent candidates

IDInventionCore of the claimClosest prior art foundStrength
P1Personal rise, section 8Lid height set per person from stature and tied to their key or phone; wheels held under the hips so wheelbase and track stay constant while rising; upward sensing of the lid and its opening arc before rising, stopping at the clearance limit; rise only when stopped on floor ≤ 5°; automatic lowering to driving height before any motionContainer elevation on delivery robots (US 10,459,450 B2); positioning by user attributes (US 11,806,861); Savioke cargo robot (US 9,535,421 B1)Moderate, as a combination on a wheel-legged body
P2Hand-guided rise, sections 8 and 14Admittance control of the whole legged body from lid-grip force and hip load cells: the body follows the hand up or down, holds on release, and backs off 1 cm on unexpected contactHand-guided industrial arms; nothing found on legged carriersModerate to strong, pending a dedicated search
P3Self-loading into a car, section 12Map the boot opening, lip and floor; refuse under 5 cm clearance; wheels allowed only on a recognised protective mat; place front wheels, pitch the chassis over the lip, then step each rear wheel in; 15 N stop on every jointNot yet searchedUnknown, promising
P4Kneel-to-contact dock, section 19Contact made by lowering the body onto a drive-on plate with the legs, never by driving into contacts; pads stay at 0 V until contact sense and a Bluetooth handshakeDocks for legged robots (US 12,560,937); auto-docking (US 8,749,196 B2); legged charging (US 2007/0216347 A1)Weak to moderate
P5Module-defined behaviour, section 13The safety controller identifies the fitted module and enforces its profile, for example the Nest: 4 km/h, no stairs, no rise, harness interlockTool identification on modular robotsModerate at best
P6Load-aware stair crawl, section 10Bay-floor load cells measure the centre of mass and the body shifts inside the triangle of the three supporting wheels before each wheel liftsWheel-legged stair climbers (Rivr, WO 2023/205766 A1, Zero Carrier); statically stable gaitsWeak unless tied to a specific method

Not claimable

FeatureWhy
Following a person's exact pathFollow-the-leader path tracking is known; Piaggio Fast Forward holds following patents
Level bay on stairsMOBINN, Zero Carrier and others keep the load box level
Lobby fleet, lift integration, locked baySavioke / Relay Robotics products and patents
App as a requester, safety controller decidesStandard safety architecture
Sensors powered off at restObvious privacy measure

Other protection

TypeWhat it coversWhen
Design patentsThe robot's appearance (shell, chassis band, leg plates, hubs), the dock plate, and the app screens, which US design patents can coverAt design freeze, before any public launch
Trade secretsStair gait and balance tuning, perception models and training data, following parameters, docking thresholds. Kept out of this brief, in an access-controlled repository, under NDANow
CopyrightSite, film, app code and copy. Generated imagery may have limited protection where there is no human authorshipAutomatic
TrademarkThe working name Tag conflicts with Piaggio Fast Forward's PFFtag following module in the same field. A new name must be cleared before launch spendBefore naming is final risk

Freedom to operate

Other people's patents are a bigger exposure than our own. A professional freedom-to-operate review covers legs and stairs (Amazon / Rivr), docks for legged robots (Boston Dynamics and others), person following (Piaggio Fast Forward), and delivery compartments with lift integration (Relay Robotics), and must finish before Prototype 2 tooling.

Rules

  1. This brief is confidential. No public posting or shared links until US provisional applications for P1 to P3 are filed.
  2. Disclosure clock. The US allows 12 months after our own disclosure; Europe and China generally require absolute novelty, so any public disclosure before filing loses rights there.
  3. Enablement. Each candidate gets a written invention disclosure with drawings, control logic, and alternative versions, enough for an engineer to build it.
  4. Ownership. Everyone who contributes signs an invention assignment before contributing.

Filing plan

  1. Now. Invention disclosures for P1 to P3; patentability searches; US provisional applications (filing fees from about $65 to $325 depending on entity size, plus attorney time).
  2. Within 12 months. Non-provisional and PCT applications for the candidates that survive search.
  3. At design freeze. Design patents for robot, dock and app screens; trademark filing for the cleared name.
  4. Before Prototype 2 tooling. Freedom-to-operate opinion.

25. Acceptance tests

TestPass
Reference order load38.6 kg reference order fits, lid closes without force, 100 of 100 times
Stairs, 18 / 28 cm, 40 kg500 flights up and down, zero falls, ≤ 2.5 s per step
Car entry, 72 cm boot floor200 entries and exits, zero falls, zero paint contact (witness film)
Perception, reference scenesAll classes in section 9 detected at stated ranges in ≥ 99.5 % of frames; ≤ 120 ms to motion
Building run, 10 floors500 lobby-to-door deliveries, ≥ 99 % without human help
Trail following95 % of 10 km runs at 12 km/h with no loss over 5 s
Child lockoutNever above 4.2 km/h, never enters stairs, 1,000 scripted attempts
Wheels3,000 km wear rig; no marking on six floor types
Noise, water, batteryE10 limits; IP65; 1,000 cycles to 80 %
Rise stability60 kg at 110 cm on a tilt table: no wheel lift below 18° side or end; 2,000 rise cycles; zero contact with a 30 cm overhang fixture
Rise for real people30 adults, 150 to 195 cm, unload the reference order with trunk flexion under 20° (motion capture) in ≥ 90 %
Docking1,000 returns from 10 start points, ≥ 99.5 % first time; pads at 0 V whenever unoccupied
Rest≤ 5 W asleep; cameras, lidar and microphones draw 0 mA (measured)
AppSetup ≤ 10 min for 90 % of 30 first-time users aged 65+; command to motion ≤ 1 s in 99 % of 1,000; Stop ≤ 150 ms

26. Open risks

  1. Car entry across boot geometries and floor materials.
  2. Stair crawl transitions at 40 kg on worn, narrow treads.
  3. Mass: budget 41 kg against a 39 kg target.
  4. Perception at 16 km/h in dense forest (UWB multipath, latency).
  5. Lift integration across older lift controllers.
  6. Regulation of pavement robots and of carrying children.
  7. Cost against the $1,500 bill-of-materials ceiling and the $4,900 target.
  8. Rise near counters, shelves and leaning people: overhang sensing and lean behaviour.
  9. App reliance for older owners: keep the no-app path complete; family-assisted setup.
  10. Docking on deep carpet and in narrow hallways.
  11. Intellectual property: name conflict, and freedom to operate against Rivr, legged-dock and following patents.

Build order

Prototype 1: leg-and-chassis mule proving K1 and K2. Prototype 1 also proves Rise (K8). Prototype 2: full platform with bay, perception, building software, dock and app alpha. Beta: Nest, flatbed, cooler, certification.

Competitor figures are public as of October 2026. Tag figures are targets or calculations from them; none is measured. Images are generated renders of the design.